Bangladesh Liberation War

Tuesday, November 26, 2013


Bangladesh Liberation War

Date 26 March - 1971 December 16
( 8 months , 2 weeks and 2 days )

Bangladesh Liberation War of Bangladesh established a sovereign nation which had fought a revolutionary war of independence in 1971, East Pakistan and India against West Pakistan, pitted, and lasted over a period of nine months. This large-scale atrocities , Exodus 10 million refugees and 30 million people witnessed the displacement .
Pakistan Pakistan Army Pakistan war of 1970,
the military junta to accept the results of democratic elections, claimed that the Bengali civilians , students , intelligentsia, and armed personnel in a military operation against the introduction of something called Operation Searchlight on 26 March 1971 , broke out on a pre- party is won , or pre- and West Pakistan, which allow the separation . Bengali politician and military officials announced Operation Searchlight in response to the country's independence . Bengali military , paramilitary and civilian Mukti Bahini ( Bengali : Liberation Army, " Liberation Army " ) was formed in Guerrilla Warfare against Pakistani forces , which . Pakistan Army , Bengali civilians in collusion with religious extremists , especially nationalists , intellectuals , youth and religious minorities militias engaged in systematic genocide and atrocities of Indian Bengali nationalists , economic, military and diplomatic support to be provided , and the Bangladesh government -in-exile was established in Kolkata .

 Background:

In August 1947, two new states gave rise to the partition of British India, the Indian state and the state of Pakistan, the latter intended to be a homeland for the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent, the Dominion of Pakistan and India in the east to the west consists of two geographically and culturally separate areas. Popular in the western zone (and for a period of time, also officially) in West Pakistan and the eastern zone (modern-called Bangladesh) was initially called the East Bengali East Pakistan. Although the population of the two zones was close to equal, political power was concentrated in West Pakistan and it leading to widespread grievances of East Pakistan, felt that the economically exploited. Two discontinuous administration is also seen as a challenge. On 25 March 1971, the East Pakistani political party (Awami League) has won growing political discontent after the election, the ruling (West Pakistan) ignored by the establishment. The ruling elite of West Pakistan was met by brutal suppressive force.

West Pakistan Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman of the violent crackdown on 26 March 1971, East Pakistan declared independence as the state of Bangladesh. Pakistani President Agha Mohammed Yahya to restore the authority of the Pakistani government, the Pakistani military orders, civil war. Bangladeshi resistance army known as the Mukti Bahini India actively aiding and start organizing.


 Language debate :
 
Bengali Language Movement
Held a rally in Dhaka on 21 February 1952, March

In 1948 , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , Pakistan's first Governor -General , " Urdu, and only Urdu " would be a common language for all of Pakistan, declared in Dhaka . Quite a few students and civilians lost their lives in the 21 February 1952 in a police crackdown . Day Language Martyrs ' Day is revered in Bangladesh and West Bengal . Later , in 1952, in memory of the death , in 1999 , UNESCO declared 21 February as International Mother Language Day.


 Discrimination:

Bengalis in Pakistan are under-represented . Bengali origin in the different wings of the armed forces officers by 1965, only 5 % of overall force consists of only a few with the majority in technical or administrative posts , was in command positions  West Pakistanis believed . Pashtuns and Punjabis , unlike the Bengalis "martially inclined " No ; " martial races " notion is ridiculous and humiliating by Bengalis were dismissed as Moreover , despite huge defense spending , East Pakistan, purchase , such as contracts , benefits received none . Work and military assistance . Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 over Kashmir also had the tanks during the conflict in East Pakistan to thwart any Indian nation, without support, just as an under- strength infantry division and 15 combat aircraft , military insecurity among Bengalis Highlights feel .   


Political differences:

East Pakistan accounted for the majority of the country's population , but little political power was in the hands of the West Pakistanis . A straightforward system of representation based on population and the concentration of political power in East Pakistan , the West Pakistani establishment, all of West Pakistan was considered one of the provinces where the " One Unit " scheme , came up with . The East Wing was only the balance of the vote .

Liaquat Ali Khan , Pakistan's first prime minister after the assassination , in 1951 , political power began to devolve finally the President of Pakistan and the military . The nominal elected chief executive , the Prime Minister , the President , acting through frequent , was sacked by the establishment .

East Pakistan, West Pakistan and East Pakistan elected to the establishment of guns as well as Prime Minister of Pakistan Khawaja Nazimuddin , Muhammad Ali Bogra , or Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy observed to be sacked . And Yahya Khan ( 25 March 1969 - 20 December 1971 ) , both West Pakistanis - their suspicions further Ayub Khan ( 27 October 1958 to 25 March 1969 ) was influenced by the military dictatorship . The Awami League , led by
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the largest East Pakistani political party , won a landslide victory in national elections in the 1970s , reached a climax . Won 167 of 169 seats allocated to the party in East Pakistan , and thus the majority of National Assembly seats in the 313 . This gave the Awami League the constitutional right to form a government . However , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ( a Sindhi and former Foreign Minister ) , leader of the Pakistan Peoples Party , refused to allow Rahman to become the Prime Minister of Pakistan . Instead , he was the Prime Minister , proposed the idea of having one for each wing . Already offers other constitutional innovation, the " one unit scheme " under the chafing , in the East wing outrage elicited. Bhutto also refused to accept Rahman's Six Points . On 3 March 1971 , the two leaders of the two wings along with the President General Yahya Khan met in Dhaka to decide the fate of the country . After discovering a satisfactory outcome of the negotiations , Sheikh Mujibur Rahman called for a nationwide strike . Bhutto Therefore , his faithful companion , Dr. Mubashir Hasan has been sent . Mujib and Bhutto decided to meet in a message , the fear of a civil war . Upon his arrival , meet with Bhutto and Mujib agreed to the formation of both the Premier and Bhutto as president . Mujib as the coalition government , but the military was unaware of this development , and Bhutto, Mujib reach a decision to increase the pressure .

On 7 March 1971 , Sheikh Mujibur Rahman ( soon to be Prime Minister ) ( now called the Suhrawardy Udyan ) delivers a speech at the Racecourse Ground . Considered at the 25 March meeting of the National Assembly in this speech also mentioned the four-point condition :



Immediate lifting of martial law .
Immediate withdrawal of all military personnel to their barracks .
An investigation into the loss of life .
Assembly meeting 25 March Immediate transfer of power to the elected representatives of the people .

He will turn every home into a fortress of resistance urged its people . He closed his speech saying , " Our struggle for our independence . Our struggle for our independence . " This speech inspired the nation to fight for its independence is considered to be the main event . General Tikka Khan was flown in to Dhaka to become Governor of East Bengal . East , including Justice Siddiqui - a Pakistani judge refused to swear him in.

Between 10 and 13 March , Pakistan International Airlines from Dhaka urgently " Government passengers " fly Discard all their international routes . The " Government passengers " Almost all Pakistani soldiers in civilian dress . MV Swat , Pakistan Navy ship carrying ammunition and soldiers , in Chittagong port harbored, but the Bengali workers and sailors at the port refused to unload the ship . Bengali soldiers revolted in a unit of East Pakistan Rifles , refused to obey commands to fire on Bengali protesters.      
 

Operation Searchlight :

Codenamed Operation Searchlight - A planned military pacification carried out by the Pakistan Army took control of the major cities on March 26 , and then all opposition , political or military , eliminating curb the Bengali nationalist movement, one month starting March 25 . Before the start of the operation , all foreign journalists were systematically deported from East Pakistan .

The main phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the collapse of the major cities in the past by mid-May Bengali . The operation also began the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities . These systematic killings of Bengalis ultimately resulted in the secession of East Pakistan later in the same year , and served only to enrage . English international media and reference books casualty figures which vary greatly , from 5,000-35,000 in Dhaka , published , and 200,000-3,000,000 for Bangladesh as a whole has been referred to as acts of genocide and atrocities .

At a meeting of the military top brass , Yahya Khan declared : " Kill 3 million of them and the rest will eat out of our hands . " Accordingly, on the night of 25 March, the Pakistani army and killed unarmed military service is Bengali resistance in which Bengali members , students , and systematically liquidated intellectuals and able-bodied Bengali males just picked up and gunned " crush " launched operation Searchlight down.

Although the violence focused on the provincial capital , it affects all parts of East Pakistan . Dhaka University halls of residence , are especially targeted . The only Hindu residential hall - the Jagannath Hall - was destroyed by the Pakistani armed forces , and an estimated 600 to 700 of its residents were murdered . Hamood ur Rehman commission in Pakistan concluded that overwhelming force was used at the university , the Pakistani army , the university denied a cold blooded murder . This fact and the Jagannath Hall and nearby student dormitories of Dhaka University Massacre secret which was directly opposite the residence of the student dormitories of East Pakistan Engineering University Professor Nurullah, are corroborated by a videotape filmed by .

Anthony Mascarenhas , military authorities in Pakistan to write a story favorable to the province by the Pakistani journalist who had been sent , and instead fled to the UK in June , 13 in the West has been evident on the scale of the atrocities in 1971 , systematic killings described by the Sunday Times in an article in Military published . BBC wrote : " There is little doubt that Mascarenhas ' . Reportage played its part in ending the war, it helped turn public opinion against Pakistan and in the world to play a decisive role in the interest of India ," Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi himself said , that Mascarenhas ' article " India's armed intervention prepare the ground for " has led him .

Hindu areas suffered particularly heavy blows . By midnight , Dhaka , especially the Hindu dominated eastern part of the city , was burned . Time magazine reported on 2 August 1971 , " refugees , who account for three- quarters of the Hindus , and the majority of the dead , have borne the brunt of the Pakistani military hatred . "

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested by the Pakistani army . Yahya Khan to preside over a special tribunal prosecuting Mujib with multiple charges Brigadier ( later General ) Rahimuddin Khan appointed. The tribunal 's sentence to be made public , but Yahya caused the verdict is not in any case be held in abeyance . A few fled Dhaka to avoid arrest , while the other Awami League leaders were arrested as well . Awami League was banned by General Yahya Khan .
                


Declaration of Independence :

The violence unleashed by the Pakistani forces on 25 March 1971 , proved the last straw to the efforts to negotiate a settlement . Following these outrages , Sheikh Mujibur Rahman signed a reading of the official declaration :

Today Bangladesh is a sovereign and independent country. On Thursday night , West Pakistani armed forces suddenly at Razarbagh bloody police barracks in Dhaka attacked the headquarters of the EPR . Many innocent and unarmed have been killed in Dhaka city and other places of Bangladesh . E.P.R. On one side of the violent clashes between the police and other armed forces of Pakistan , is going . Bengalis are fighting the enemy with great courage for an independent Bangladesh . God can help us in our fight for independence . Win Bengali ......

Sheikh Mujib occupation forces through a radio message urging people to resist . 1:30 am- Mujib was arrested on the night of 25-26 March 1971 .

A telegram containing the text of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 's declaration reached some students in Chittagong . The message has been translated into Bengali by Dr. Manjula Anwar . Student Radio Pakistan broadcasts from nearby Agrabad Station failed to secure permission from higher authorities . They are controlled by the East Bengal Regiment under Major Ziaur Rahman, in an area that Kalurghat Bridge . Bengali soldiers guarded the station as engineers prepared for transmission . 26 March 1971, Major Ziaur Rahman broadcast announcement of the declaration of independence on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman .

This is independent Bengali radio station . I , Major Ziaur Rahman , at the direction of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , hereby declare that Bangladesh has established an independent Republic . At his direction , I have taken command of the Republic as the temporary Head . Name of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , I will rise against the attack by the West Pakistani army calls on all Bengali . We shall fight to the last to free our Motherland . Victory , please God , not us . Win Bengali .

Kalurghat Radio Station 's transmission capability was limited , but the message was picked up by a Japanese ship in the Bay of Bengal . After re- transmitted by Radio Australia and later by the British Broadcasting Corporation .

Considered the official Independence Day of Bangladesh on March 26 , 1971 , and the name Bangladesh was in effect henceforth not.             


Liberation War:

March to June

Pakistani Army cracked down upon the population at the first resistance was spontaneous and disorganized , and was not expected to be prolonged . However , the resistance increases . Mukti Bahini became increasingly active . Pakistani military sought to quell them , but increasing numbers of Bengali soldiers of the underground " Bangladesh army " to the defected. These Bengali units slowly merged into the freedom fighters and their weaponry with supplies from India bolstered. Pakistan airlifting in two infantry divisions and reorganizing their forces by the response. They Razakars , Al- Shams and Al- Al Badrs and the paramilitary forces , as well as other Bengalis who opposed independence , and Bihari Muslims who had settled during the time of partition is raised .

On 17 April 1971 , a provisional government in western Bangladesh President , Acting President , Prime Minister Tajuddin Ahmed , Syed Nazrul Islam as well as Pakistan, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , who was in prison , and with General Muhammad ATUL India border is formed in the Nadia district commander in Chief , Bangladesh forces as a Ghani Osmani . Fighting occupation army and the Bengali Mukti Bahini , as an estimated 10 million Bengalis grew up in , sought refuge in the Indian states of Assam and West Bengal .

June - September

Bangladesh forces command eleven sectors , Commander -in- Chief ( C -in- C ) Staff (COS) as head of Cabinet Minister , Lt. Col. Abdur Rab as the 11 July , with Col. MAG Osmani , is placed on the Assistant Chief of Staff (ACOS) as Staff Deputy Chief (DCOS) and Major AR Chowdhury as a group Captain AK Khandker .



General Osmani conflict had differences of opinion with the Indian leadership regarding the role of a liberation army . Indian leadership in exile as a result of the Indian intervention , but the convenience of the Government of Bangladesh Bangladesh living around the East Bengal Regiment soldiers operating in small cells led to a small elite guerrilla force of 8,000 members will be trained in the envisioned Bengali forces and General Osmani favored the following strategy

Would occupy lodgment areas inside
Bangladesh Bengali conventional forces and the intervention of the Bangladesh government would request international diplomatic recognition . Initially Mymensingh was picked for this operation , but Gen. Osmani later settled on Sylhet .
To guerrillas inside Bangladesh as soon as possible with the aim of sending the maximum number of : RAID- and Pakistani casualties through raids increased .
Hit power stations , railway lines , storage depots and communication networks crippled by the economic activity .
Bridges / culverts , fuel depots , trains and river crafts Pakistan army mobility by blowing up the destruction.
Pakistan 's strategic objective to spread their forces inside the province , so attacks can be made on isolated Pakistani detachments .

Bangladesh , July was eleven sectors to conduct guerrilla operations and train fighters to join the liberation army officers who defected from the Pakistani army, each with a commander chosen . Most of their training camps were situated near the border area and were operated with assistance from India . 10 th Sector Direct Chief ( C -in- C ) General MAG Osmani, Commander of the Naval Commandos and C -in- C 's placed under the special force of three brigades ( 11 Battalions ) were raised for conventional warfare was included . ( Estimated at 100,000 ) was trained on a large guerrilla forces .

Three brigades ( 8 infantry battalions and 3 artillery batteries ) were put in in July - September June, July , released forces across the border with Indian aid through Operation Jackpot regrouped and began sending 2000 - 5000 guerrillas across the border , for several reasons ( lack of proper training , a proper support network inside Bangladesh etc. supply shortage , lack of it) has failed to achieve its objectives , which called Moonsoon offensive , Bengali regular forces also Mymensingh , Comilla and Sylhet BOP attack , but had mixed results . Pakistani authorities, they successfully proved that a closer look at the Monsoon Offensive , which was concluded in

Guerrilla operations , which slackened during the training , picked up after August . Economic and military targets in Dhaka were attacked . Naval commandos mined and the success stories of 15 August 1971, Chittagong , Mongla , in Narayanganj and Chandpur which blew up berthed ships in operation , jackpot was .

October - December

Bangladesh conventional forces attacked border outposts . Kamalapura , Belonia and Boyra few examples of the war . 370 out of the 90 BOP fell to Bengali forces . Reprisals on the civilian population as Razakars , Pakistani and guerrilla attacks intensified . Were reinforced by eight battalions from West Pakistan by Pakistani forces . Bangladeshi independence fighters even managed to temporarily capture airstrips at Lalmonirhat and Shalutikar . These two supplies and arms from India to be used for flying . Pakistan as troops from West Pakistan sent another 5 battalions . 


               

Indian involvement :

Major War

  • Boyra War
  • Garibpur War
  • Dhalai War
  • Battle of Hilli
  • Battle of Kushtia

Warned of the growing involvement of India , Pakistan Air Force ( Islamic ) on December 3 , 1971, the Indian Air Force bases in a pre-emptive strike is launched . During the Six Day War, the Israeli Air Force attack on the focus of the operation itself , and the ground was intended to neutralize the Indian Air Force planes . As an open act of unprovoked aggression by India strike is seen . This marked the official start of the Indo- Pakistan war .

As a response to the attack , both India and Pakistan, neither the government formally issued a declaration of war , the " between the two countries in a state of war existed " acknowledged .

Three Indian corps were involved in the liberation of East Pakistan . They almost three brigades , supported by Mukti Bahini fighting alongside them , and many more fighting irregularly made . This was far superior to the Pakistani army of three divisions . Selectively engaging or bypassing heavily defended strongholds in India quickly , Country overran. They release the forces have been deployed in small units around the border to counter guerrilla attacks as Pakistani forces were unable to effectively counter the Indian attack . Unable to defend Dhaka , Pakistan on December 16 , 1971, surrendered.
Air and naval battles

The Indian Air Force carried out sorties against Pakistan , and within a week , IAF aircraft dominated the skies of East Pakistan . The entire Pakistani air contingent in the east , Islamic No.14 Squadron , was grounded because of Indian and Bangladesh Tejgaon , Kurmitolla, red Munir Hat and Shamsher Nagar in the spring , at the end of the first week as it achieved near-total air supremacy . The Sea Hawks from INS Vikrant , Chittagong , Barisal and Cox struck the eastern wing of the Pakistan Navy and effectively destroyed any escape routes for the stranded Pakistani soldiers cut off , blockading the East Pakistan ports . The nascent Bangladesh Navy ( Pakistani naval officers and sailors who defected from the consist ) attacks , most notably Operation Jackpot fulfill aided the Indians in the marine warfare .
Surrender and aftermath
Lieutenant General AAK Niazi , signing the instrument of surrender on December 16 , 1971, the commanding officer of the Pakistan Army
Pakistan surrender documents

On 16 December 1971 , Lieutenant General AAK Niazi of Pakistan Army forces located in East Pakistan signed the instrument of surrender CO . During the surrender only a few countries are giving diplomatic recognition to the new nation . Over 93,000 Pakistani troops, the largest surrender since World War II , which had surrendered to the Indian forces . Sought admission in the UN with most voting in favor of Bangladesh , but China vetoed this as Pakistan was its key ally . United States , also a key ally of Pakistan , Bangladesh is one of recognition in the last line . A smooth transition , in 1972 the Simla Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan to make sure . The agreement recognized the independence of Pakistan to ensure exchange for the return of the Pakistani PoWs . India all the PoWs in strict accordance with the Geneva Convention treatment , 1925 abort . It was released five months, more than 93,000 Pakistani PoWs . In addition , as a gesture of goodwill , nearly 200 soldiers were sought for war crimes by Bengalis were also pardoned by India . Some of the focal points of Kargil . This " lasting peace " as it is a measure of promotion and as a sign of maturity by India is recognized by many observers . However , India and Pakistan, by the harmony of being perceived as overly harsh when arguing that Pakistan's fragile democracy crumble , who pleaded for leniency agreement Bhutto , felt that there were too lenient .
War in West Pakistan responded

Response to the defeat and dismemberment of half the nation 's top military and civilians alike, is a shocking loss . No one expected that they would lose the war officially in under a fortnight , and also in East Pakistan army was perceived as a meek surrender was unsettlement . Yahya Khan's dictatorship collapsed and Bhutto who took the opportunity to rise to power , gave way . General Niazi , who surrendered along with 93,000 troops , on his return to Pakistan was met with suspicion and contempt . He was shunned and branded a traitor . Fighting in Pakistan shortcomings " East Pakistan's defense lay in West Pakistan " strategic doctrine that the open declaration . Pakistan also failed to gather international support .

Intellectuals murder and rape :

( East Pakistan ) The displacement of civilians and massive violations of human rights, including the Pakistan Army with support from political and religious militias carried out by starting from the beginning of widespread killings and other atrocities during the war were of Operation Searchlight on 25 March 1971 . Bangladeshi authorities claim that three million people were killed , hamudura Rahman Commission , an official Pakistan Government investigation , put the figure at 26,000 to civilian casualties . The international media and reference books in English by writers and scholars, such as genocide, Samuel Totten has also published a number of up to 3,000,000 for Bangladesh as a whole, that is , independent researchers are toll at between 500,000 and 300,000 . Further eight to ten million people fled the country to seek safety in India .

Ziad Obermeyer, Christopher JL Murray , and Emmanuela Gakidou up a 2008 British Medical Journal study estimated that 269,000 civilians died as a result of the conflict , the author of this far more than the previous estimate of 58,000 from the University of Uppsala and remember Serajur Baby , ( " 300000 " written 300,000 , ) " 3 million " estimate Official Manufacturer peace Research Institute, Oslo . As 3 million have been incorrectly translated into English .
Sculpture in mindset , Dhaka by the Pakistani military in 1971 depicts the rape of a Bengali woman .

A large section of the intellectual community of Bangladesh , mostly by the Al- Shams and Al- Badr forces , were killed , the Pakistani army commanded . Just two days before the surrender , on December 14 , 1971 , the Pakistan army and the Razakars forces ( local partner ) free shipping at least 100 physicians , professors , writers and engineers to pick up , and kill them , leaving the bodies in a mass grave . Many mass graves in Bangladesh , with a . The first night of war on Bengalis ( as well was discovered in August 1999 , which is located in the city 's non-Bengali region of a mosque in the capital , near the old one ) discovered over the years to increase the number of proceedings , the United States Department of State to the American Consulate in Dhaka to be documented in telegrams from which saw Dhaka University students and other civilians, arbitrary executions of numerous women , tortured , raped and killed during the war was . The exact number is not known and is a matter of debate . Bangladeshi sources, 200,000 women raped , giving birth to thousands of war babies born to a figure cite. As sex-slaves inside the Dhaka Cantonment , Pakistan Army also kept numerous Bengali women . Most of the girls were captured from Dhaka University and private homes . Bengali nationalists against non-Bengali minorities , especially Biharis perpetrated and encouraged by the Pakistani army , but was only significant in the sectarian violence .

On 16 December 2002 , the George Washington University's National Security Archive , the U.S. embassy officials and United States Information Service centers in Dhaka and India , and officials in Washington DC . These documents show is mostly in the communications , published a collection of declassified documents, working for diplomatic officials in Bangladesh they had the knowledge . Electoral massacre " and " genocide " in terms of using . Genocide still in almost every major publication and newspaper in Bangladesh , is the term used to describe the events elsewhere , particularly in Pakistan , the actual death toll , motives , extent , and destructive impact of the actions of the Pakistani forces are disputed .
Foreign Feedback

UN :

UN condemns human rights violations during and following Operation Searchlight , it failed to defuse the situation politically before the start of the war .

After the declaration of independence in March 1971, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , India, for the people of Bangladesh for their liberation struggle , a world-wide campaign to drum up political, democratic and humanitarian support system. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and Pakistani atrocities against Bengalis in the number of countries in a bid to create awareness and popular. In framing this in the context of world war effort during the war was the vital evidence to justify military action by India . Also , following Pakistan's defeat , the newly independent state of Bangladesh to ensure prompt recognition .

A losing battle , Pakistan, India, entry , after the United Nations to intervene and force India to agree to a cease- fire made urgent appeals . UN Security Council to discuss the hostilities in South Asia in December 1971 and 4 combined. After lengthy discussions on 7 December , the United States " immediate cease-fire and withdrawal of troops " in a resolution . While supported by the majority , the USSR vetoed the resolution twice . In light of the Pakistani atrocities against Bengalis , the United Kingdom and France abstained on the resolution .

On 12 December , with Pakistan facing imminent defeat , the United States requested that the Security Council be reconvened . Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of Pakistan , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , to make the case for a resolution of the cease- fire was rushed to New York City . The council continued deliberations for four days . By the time proposals were finalized , Pakistan's forces in the East had surrendered and the war merely academic system , which is the end result . Bhutto , frustrated by the failure of the resolution and the inaction of the United Nations , ripped up his speech and left the council .

Most UN member nations to recognize the independence of Bangladesh in quickly.
Bhutan

As the defeat of the Pakistan army approached the Bangladesh Liberation War , Bhutan on December 6 , 1971 , becoming the first country in the world to recognize the newly independent state . Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , Bangladesh 's first president, Jigme Singye Wangchuck , the Fourth King of Bhutan in June , 1974, during a visit to Bhutan to attend his inauguration .
United States and the Soviet Union

The United States supported Pakistan both politically and materially . U.S. President Richard Nixon was in Pakistan's internal affairs , denied this , saying that the state getting involved , but when Pakistan's defeat seemed certain , Nixon , as soon as the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise to the Bay sent by the Indians as a nuclear threat . Enterprise December 11 , 1971, arrived on the station . On 6 and 13 December , the Soviet Navy, two groups of ships , armed with nuclear missiles , from Vladivostok , they were dispatched to 7 January 1972 , the Indian Ocean from 18 December until 74 trayaleda for the Task Force .

During the turmoil of the Nixon administration provided support to Pakistan President Yahya Khan .

Nixon and Henry Kissinger in the south and south-east Asia, fears of Soviet expansion . Nixon's visit to Pakistan in February 1972 , he has been a reconciliation and negotiation with the People's Republic of China , was a close ally . Nixon is an Indian invasion of West Pakistan mean total Soviet domination , and it's seriously the international position of the United States and America's new tacit ally, China fears that would undermine regional location . In order to demonstrate to China as an ally , and the U.S. Congress over Pakistan - a direct violation of sanctions imposed by the commitment of the United States , Nixon sent military equipment to Pakistan and routed them through Jordan and Iran , while also encouraging China to increase the supply of arms to Pakistan . Nixon administration, it is the blood of the wire , the Pakistani army in East Pakistan received reports of massacres ignored.

The United States and China - Soviet Union recognizes the independence of Bangladesh would weaken the position of its rivals , Bangladesh and Indian armies during the war , as supported by the release . It is a confrontation with the United States or China developed , the USSR would take countermeasures that gave assurances to India . The Indo-Soviet friendship treaty signed in August 1971, had been included . The Soviets also to ward off the threat posed by the Indian Ocean USS Enterprise sent a nuclear submarine .

At the end of the war , Warsaw Pact countries were among the first to recognize Bangladesh . The recognition of the Soviet Union on 25 January 1972 accorded. From 8 April 1972 , according to the United States before , delayed recognition for some months .

China :

People's Republic of China as a long-standing ally of Pakistan, the evolving situation in East Pakistan and West Pakistan and Pakistani -controlled Kashmir reacted with alarm to the prospect of the Indian attack . Just such an Indian attack was believed imminent , Nixon discourage it encouraged China to mobilize its armed forces on its border with India . Unlike the 1962 Sino- Indian War when India was caught entirely unaware of the Chinese , however, the Indian army was ready and this is the inspiration of the Sino- Indian border guard had deployed eight mountain divisions to respond this time, not a sequel. China instead threw its weight behind demands for an immediate ceasefire .

To apply for UN membership in 1972 during Bangladesh Pakistan on the repatriation of prisoners of war and civilians were not yet implemented the UN resolutions , because China vetoed their application . China was among the last countries on 31 August 1975 , whilst denying it . Recognize independent Bangladesh. visit this site..........


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